EY 200 Joints and Joint Movements

Joints
 

3 Types of Joints

1. Synovial (6 different types of movement)

2. Fibrous (Limited to no movement, dense connective tissue, skull)

3. Cartilaginous (Spine)

 

Types of Synovial Joints

1. Hinge

2. Pivot

3. Ball & Socket

4. Ellipsoid

5. Saddle

6. Plank

 

Hinge

Allows movements along only one axis, allowing stable flexion and extension movements. (Elbow at ulna)
 

Pivot

Allows movements along only one axis allowing stable pronation and supination movements. (Elbow at radius)
 

Ball & Socket

Allows movements in multiple axis’s; flexion/extension, circumduction, rotation, abduction/adduction. (Hip and shoulder)
 

Ellipsoid

Allows flexion/extension, circumduction, abduction/adduction. (Wrist)

Saddle

Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, limited rotation. (Thumb)

Plane

Allows rotation and gliding movements (Carpels and tarsals)

 

 

Types of Joint Movements

1. Flexion and Extension, sagittal plane movements

2. Abduction and Adduction, coronal plane movements

3. Rotation, twisting

4. Excursion, mandible movements

5. Circumduction, circular motions

6. Supination and Pronation, forearm movements

7. Dorsi Flexion and Plantar Flexion, ankle movements

8. Inversion and Eversion, foot movements

9. Protraction and Retraction, scapula and mandible movements

10. Depression and Elevation, scapula and mandible movements

11. Superior Rotation and Inferior Rotation, scapula

12. Opposition and Reposition, thumb

 

Flexion and Extension, sagittal plane movements

Flexion movements are along the sagittal plane and will decrease the angle between two body parts and extension will increase the angle between two body parts.  Movements in the spine, flexion is bending forward and extension is bending backwards, lateral flexion is bending side to side.

 

Abduction and Adduction, coronal plane movements

Abduction is moving away from the midline of the body or away from another body part and adduction is moving towards the midline of the body or towards another body part.

 

Rotation, twisting

Circular motion around a given point called the axis. Rotation can be either clockwise or counterclockwise.

 

Excursion, back & forth movements

Outward and back from a mean axis position, often repeated. Movements can be lateral or medial. The mandible movements when chewing and lung movements when breathing are good examples.

 

Circumduction, circular motions

Joints that allow a circular or conical movement that may include flexion/extension, abduction/adduction. Common circumduction joints are the shoulder and hip. The distal end (Furthest from the body) will make a circular movement while the proximal end (Closest to the body) moves very little.

 

Supination and Pronation, forearm movements
These are movements of the hand and wrist. Supination occurs when you move your hand palms facing upward. Supination occurs when the hand is palm down or anterior… the radius twists back to its anatomical position, palms up. Pronation occurs in the forearm, when the radius twists over the ulna to bring the palm face down or posteriorly.

 

Dorsi Flexion and Plantar Flexion, ankle movements

Movements are most common in the ankle. Dorsi flexion is the upward movement of the foot. The flexion is in the ankle joint. Plantar flexion occurs when you point the foot away from the body.

 

Inversion and Eversion, foot movements

Inversion occurs when you point the foot inward towards the body and eversion occurs when you move the foot outward away from the body.

 

Protraction and Retraction, scapula and mandible movements

Protraction occurs in the scapula when the shoulder moves forward… like when you throw a ball or push against a wall. Retraction occurs when you move the shoulders back and pull the scapula back posteriorly and medially towards the spine.

 

Depression and Elevation, scapula and mandible movements

Depression of the mandible occurs when you move your lower jar down… moving the mandible downward. Elevation of the mandible occurs when you move your lower jar or mandible downward.

Depression of the scapula occurs when you move your scapular down, depressing the shoulder girdle. Elevation occurs when you mover your scapula upward, elevating the shoulder girdle.

 

Superior Rotation and Inferior Rotation, scapula

Superior rotation of the scapula involves many muscles and is necessary to move the arm above shoulder height. Superior rotation of the scapula occurs when the glenoid cavity moves upward as the medial end of the scapula spine moves downward. Inferior rotation of the scapula occurs when limb adduction… for example, the arm moving toward the body… the glenoid cavity moves downward and upward movement of the medial end of the scapula spine.

Opposition and Reposition, thumb
 

You could say the thumb moves into opposition when you make a peace sign with the thumb snug inside the palm. It can also go into opposition when the thumb is resting on the pads of the fingers, like in chin mudra. Opposition of the thumb occurs when the thumb is against or inside the fingers and palm.

You could say giving a thumbs up is moving the thumb into reposition. Reposition of the thumb occurs when you move the thumb away from the tips of the fingers or palm.